The United States Presidential Election Of 2016 Essay

The United States presidential election of 2016 occurred on Tuesday, November 8, 2016. This was the 58th quadrennial U.S. presidential election. Voters elected a new president and vice president through the electoral college. Businessman Donald Trump and Governor Mike Pence, running on the Republican ticket, defeated the Democratic Party s nominees former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Senator Tim Kaine. The defeat, considered improbable by most pre-election forecasts, was branded by various news organizations as an upset and the most shocking American presidential election result in history. The results of the presidential election has left many of the American people in an uproar. Many Americans are using their right to freedom of speech to voice their opinions and show their opposition. The first amendment gives people the right to freedom of speech that we all deserve, but since the election has this right been taken a bit too far with all of the violent protests, t he social media uproar and the exaggerations by the media? Although the first amendment is the key to all human rights, there is a huge threat when taken to the extreme. Without this amendment, many thoughts, beliefs and developments would not exist today and the majority of society would be left in ignorance. This right was given to all American citizens and allows them to speak their opinion, beliefs, and ideas to anybody that is willing to listen to them. There are massive advantages toShow MoreRelatedPresidential Election Of 2016, The United States Will Be Holding The Primary Presidential Elections892 Words   |  4 PagesAt the end of 2016, the United States will be holding the primary presidential elections. 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Many researchers use various methods to figure out all the possible outcomes of the election and what the voters are looking for in a particular year. This year has been unique because of the different personalities that the candidates own. This new diversity has caused researchers to revise th eir tactics from earlier years. Also, negative political ads for this election year

Child Vehicular Heat Stroke Deaths - 995 Words

According to the article â€Å"Child Vehicular Stroke Fact Sheet† from KidsAndCars.org, â€Å"The average number of U.S. child vehicular heat stroke deaths is 37 per year.† That is one death of a child every nine days. Although, some individuals may or may not have unintentionally left their children in the car. A majority of parents that left their child in the vehicle unknowingly did it. However, there is a small percentage of parents that knowingly left their child unattended in the vehicle. In some cases, the child even entered the vehicle on their own without the parent or caregiver noticing in time. Statistics of child vehicular heat stroke deaths reveal that 54.25% of parents unknowingly left their child in the vehicle, 11.58% knowingly left their child in the vehicle, and 33.58% of the children entered the vehicle by themselves without parents or caregivers noticing in a reasonable amount of time (Child Vehicular Heat Stroke). Some individuals, usually non-paren ts, believe that it is completely absurd to forget a child is in the vehicle. However, the most dangerous mistake a parent or caregiver can make is to think leaving a child alone in a vehicle could never happen to them or their family (Child Vehicular Heat Stroke). A heat stroke can be extremely lethal to young children if it is not recognized and treated in time. What is a Heat Stroke? A heat stroke is when an individual’s body temperature ascends too high and tries to perform the task of cooling off. The body’s way

The duty and role of the producer Free Essays

As far as the market is concerned, there is the existence of a diverse range of products that are meant for the purposes of human consumption. The duty and role of the producer is to come up with a product to be disposed through the process of marketing to the ultimate consumer. By so doing the goals as well as the objectives of the producer is the generation of profit. We will write a custom essay sample on The duty and role of the producer or any similar topic only for you Order Now It therefore applies that the question of the safety as well as the health issues of the product is not the concern of the producer but a matter of personal issue of the determination of the side effect as well as the harm that may be associated with the consumption of the product. Majority of the products in the market that are meant for consumption are generally unhealthy as well as a cause of death to the human beings. In the consideration of the range of the products that poses health risk to the consumer from the range of fast foods to the tobacco products, the list can only be considered to be endless. However, all these products are usually promoted in the market through the process of advertising, highlighting the best side of the product while the knowledge about the harmful effects is in most cases concealed. However the consequent actions of the consumer are entirely blamed on the advertisement. Advertising is generally understood as the act as well as the practice of creating the awareness of the product to the consumer in view of influencing the behavior of the consumer in favor of the product. It is purely wrong to place the blame of the actions of the consumer on advertising. This kind of situation can be equated to blaming an individual who is entitled to his or her own views. The advertising agencies and the product owners should instead, take the blame. Across the majority of cultures and especially the United States the responsibility of the personal choice has been eroded and people otherwise point fingers in alternative directions (Fox 98). The concept of advertising forms a major segment in as far as the society is concerned. Through advertising, the public attention with regard to the existing products, the needs as well as the services is sensitized. There exists no boundary as to the effects aroused by the practice of advertisement with regard to the potential harm inflicted on the body of the individual. The advertising companies push the harmful products to the disposal of the user. It should however be remembered that the ultimate use reserves the final judgment with regard to the use or abstinence from the use of the product. In contrast to this fact, it has been evident that majority of the people have laid the poor choices made by the consumers on the advertising companies. The tobacco as well as the alcohol industries is among the most notable industries that have been the target in as far as the blames of this category are concerned. The concept of personal responsibilities among the majority of people have been eroded, a situation that has resulted to the consideration of the advertising industry as a scapegoat for the poor associated with the consumers (Goodrum 145). It is an obvious fact that the majority of the individuals will be adamant in as far as the issue of admitting to the reality is concerned but all in all connecting advertisement to the wrong judgment of the consumer is not justified. This can only be taken as the absence of the potential capacity of the individual to exercise personal responsibility with regard to the choices that the individual is in a position to take as well as implement. To exonerate themselves, the poor choice of the consumer is pegged on advertising as the scapegoat. It is a common practice for people with weak willpower to blame others for the poor judgments that they make. The process of making coherent decisions is rooted in the potential capacity for the people to shoulder their personal responsibilities. The fact that an advertisement has been aired is not an implication that it should be wholly embraced but rather the individual is at liberty to enjoy or disdain the product targeted by the advertisement (Fox 158). How to cite The duty and role of the producer, Papers

Managing change and Internal Communications - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Managing change and Internal Communications. Answer: Introduction United Airlines has been in a bad light due to a major incident that happend i the recent past. A pilot on the airlines flight used the flights intercom to make comments about her personal life and also commented on the election process going on in the US, specifically giving opinions about the two candidates, Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. This incident made the airline look very unprofessional in front of the general public. The news spread like a fire through social media and the company lost a lot of customers. This inident clearly stated the irresponsible behaviour of the airlines employees. The safety and security provided by the airlines was put to question too. The competitors were all set to take advantage of this incident and United Airlines was trying to fix what had been done. This has led to the dissatisfaction of the organizations internal and external stakeholders and has also brought a bad name to the Airlines in the society. The company lost its customer base and could not target new customers due to its current bad image in the eyes of the public. In order to rectify what was done in the past, the company has to make several changes in its existing policies and business strategies. This change requires effective communication and stakeholder management(Rick, 2013). The purpose of this report is to provide the organization with appropriate ways to motivate and manage the change both within the organization as well as outside the organization. The internal environment includes the staff and the external environment includes customers, business clients and the society as a whole. The report also includes a description of the stakeholders of United Airlines and the methods that the organization can use to develop strong long term relationship with its key stakeholders(Murphy, 2013). Ways an organisation can 'motivate' change Change is an inevitable phenomenon. Due to the fast growing nature of the business, it has become very important for companies to modify their policies from time to time. This change in the organizations policies and strategies and be both internally and externally induced. The first step towards change initiation is to identify the need of change and the nature of change. After that the area of change should be recognized and a path on how to communicate and implement the change should be developed(Eisenhauer, 2013). Change in any organization has to be motivated and communicated internally to the employees and externally to the stakeholders like customers. For any organization that wants to introduce change, it is very important to identify the problem or cause of the change and set new goals and objectives(ACAS, 2012). The internal environment of the organization works towards the achievement of organizational goals. Hence, in order to introduce change internally, the organization should either develop new goals or make amendments to the existing one. It is also very important to gather data and information that clearly states the problem and devise a solution. This will give an insight to the employees about what they are expected to accomplish. An agent of change should be assigned. This will enable the organization to monitor the process of change and mange it effectively. After the identification of the issue, a pathway should be defined that includes various methodologies and processes to implement the change. The consent of the employees should be considered while devising these methodologies since the employees will already be resisting to this change. If the organization involves the employees in the process of change, the employees will be more welcoming towards it. Also, this will render emotional support to those employees who are not very happy with the change. In the end, feedback should be taken from employees on how they liked the change, the process and its implementation. This feedback is very important for the organization in order to discover the loopholes and improve accordingly(Leddy, 2015). If the organization is introducing and implementing a change in their business operations, this change has to be communicated to the external stakeholders like customers. These changes can be made to the existing products and services offered by the organization or the organization might as well introduce new products and services. In order to communicate this change effectively, it is very important to understand how the change will impact the organizations customers and clients. For instance, if the organization is making any changes in the cost of their products then there will be a direct impact of this on the customers. Customers should be made to understand the cause of this change and how they can benefit from it. A clear message should be framed that consists of the aspects of the change and the need for it. In case the organization feels that the stakeholders will not be happy about the change, the organization should empathize with them, but should also explain how this cha nge was inevitable and could prove beneficial in the long run for both the organization and the stakeholders. The organization should also identify a correct mode of communication. Wherever possible, the change should be communicated face to face rather than using emails or letters(Lernell, 2016). If the change is communicated personally, the stakeholders feel important and the organization does not appear hostile or insensitive. Also, this gives an opportunity to the organization to see the reaction of stakeholders towards the change and pacify any upset segment. In the end, change is a slow process and people should be given time to understand and adapt to this change in order to manage change effectively. Company structure and stakeholder management United Airlines is one of the largest private airline companies in the world and the fourth largest in the U.S. It was started in 1926 and is one of the founding members of the Star Alliance. During the 1930s United Airlines became the first to employ female flight attendants as well as the first commercial airline to create an inflight kitchen. United is owned and operated by its parent company United Continental Holdings which is based in Chicago(CPEQ, 2017). United Airlines operates on the corporate strategy of competing worldwide. It is the fourth largest airline in the USA. The airline has several competitive advantages over its competitors like the largest passenger inflow travelling from U.S to China, bargaining with a number of Middle East governemtn to acquire routes and the airlines Economy Plus class that is available on both domestic and international flights. The airline is using cost leadership as its business strategy. Under this strategy the organization aims to provide the right kinf od service to the right kind of the customers at the right price. The organization is using ost effectiveness and differentiation strategy to remain the cost leader in the industry. United Airlines is a multidivisional organization with a vertical hierarchical structure. A board of directors and a hierarchy of officials/authorities of the different sections of the organization, together contribute to the productivity of the organization. The President/CEO is at the top level of the hierarchy.United Airlines has about 87,800 employees approximately and operates in 54 countries with 339 destinations around the world, of which 127 are International destinations and 212 Domestic destinations(McGraw, 2013) Stakeholders are the people who are directly or indirectly related to the organization and get affected by the organizations performance and operations. The stakeholders can be divided into three major categories Primary Stakeholders, Public Stakeholders and Secondary Stakeholders. Primary stakeholders are the stakeholders that have brought the company into existence. In case of United Airlines, United Continental Holding (Owners), Customers, Suppliers, Shareholders and Employees form the part of primary stakeholders. Public stakeholders provide the organization a legal and social framework to carry its business operations(Archives, 2013). These include Government and Communities, specifically local communities and tourism industry in case of United Airlines. The third category known as secondary stakeholders, are the parties that get affected by the operations of the organizations indirectly. These include Media, Competitors and Special Interest Groups like Air Transport Association and Environmental groups. In order for an organization to work smoothly, it is very important to manage the stakeholders effectively. Honesty and communication is the key to building a long lasting relationship with the stakeholders. The key stakeholders should be identified and prioritized. In case of large organizations like United Airlines, the range of stakeholders can be very large. Hence, it becomes very important for the organization to prioritize the stakeholders. There are individuals and groups both inside and outside the organization whose needs and demands are more important than others. The stakeholders should be divided into groups and then ranked according to their importance. This will enable the organization to keep the relationship with key stakeholders intact. The organization should communicate with these stakeholders on regular intervals in order to understand their needs more appropriately. Frequent interactions also ensure that the organization is satisfying the stakeholders demands. Th is will help the organization to stay in line with the process of goal attainment(Team, 2016). The organization should also aim to develop a trustworthy relationship with the stakeholders. This can be achieved by communicating honestly and resolving any conflicts occurring between the organization and its stakeholders. The organization should aim to fulfil its commitments towards the stakeholders, especially when it comes to decision making power and reward distribution. This will help to build a strong long term relationship with the stakeholders. The stakeholders that have the right to participate in the decision making process of the organization should be involved and encouraged to participate in the process. This will make them feel valued and heard both at the same time. Also, the stakeholders will feel that company has plans for them and is working actively to maximize their profit. Once the key stakeholders are identified and their expectations are understood, the organization has to indulge in effective communication with these stakeholders. In the fast growing environment and busy schedules, technology can prove to be a great blessing(Rice, 2017). The company can develop a collaborative software package can be used to keep a particular group up to date with a specific project development. The stakeholders can also be contacted and updated using regular email newsletters and status reports. The email newsletters can also be divided into internal and external newsletter on the basis of their concern to staff and other clients. In case of small groups, a direct interaction can be arranged for. This will also give the organization to listen to the grievances of the stakeholders and resolve them instantly. Lastly, it is very important to monitor the communication and generate feedback. Even though it is important to put efforts to communicate with the stakeholders, the efforts can go all in vain if the efficiency of communication is not up to the mark. In order to ensure this, a communication monitoring system should be devised to recognize the most responsive and efficient modes of communication. These modes should then be used more widely and the lesser popular ones should be improved. Once the stakeholders have been contacted, their responses should be taken seriously. Communication is only effective if it is two way(Yaverbaum, 2017). The feedback can be gathered via surveys and interviews. This feedback provided by the stakeholders should be recorded and analysed. This will help the company to understand what the stakeholders are expecting and how to get there. Stakeholder management can hence be made easy using these methods. Conclusion To conclude, it can be said that United Airlines still has a chance to win back its customers if it considers changing its existing policies and business strategies. Introducing change is not an easy process but using the ways stated in the report, United Airlines can surely make it less complicated. Additionally, the organization is advised to constantly research and identify the change in the taste and preferences of its customers and the expectations of its stakeholders in order to identify the need of change. Any organization that does not move with the society can lose a lot of business. Also, United Airlines should indulge in effective communication with its key stakeholders in order to ensure smooth working of the organization. The stakeholders should be encouraged to participate and should be heard carefully for valuable feedback. Recommendations United Airlies should begin with a baseline survey of their work culture in order to aalyze how every individual in the organization perceives hsi role and how well they understand their responsibilities. This is very important because the crew members were not following their role responsibility durig the incident that brought down the airlines name. Review the organizations employee training campaigns. This is very important since the company needs to find out the loopholes in the process. It can either be that the training procedure is not upto the mark or else the problem lies with certain individuals who are not sticking to what they have been taught in the training. The airlines should conduct sessions where it should discuss with individuals that are working with the organization, about what is being expected of them as employees. This ession could also generate valuable feedback which could help the business as well as the employees. The company should increase customer compensation incentives and make customer service its priority if it wants to win back the trust of its customers. The company should assitionally empower its employees to resolve customer issues on the spot without causing any unnesccessary delays. The airline should reduce the volume of overbooking. It should ensure that crews are bbooked onto a flight at least 60 minutes before the departure. Most importantly the airline should limit the use of law enforcement to issues relating to security and safety only. References ACAS, 2012. How to manage change, Available at: https://www.acas.org.uk/media/pdf/k/m/Acas-How-to-manage-change-advisory-booklet.pdf Archives, T. N., 2013. Effective Communications: Raising the profile of your archive service, Available at: https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/archives/effective-communications.pdf CPEQ, 2017. 3 internal and external communication strategy, Available at: https://www.cpeq.org/en/guides/good-neighbor/3-internal-and-external-communication-strategy Eisenhauer, T., 2013. How to Communicate During Organizational Change, Available at: https://axerosolutions.com/blogs/timeisenhauer/pulse/383/how-to-communicate-during-organizational-change Leddy, C., 2015. 5 Steps to Using External Communications to Tell Your Clients and Customers About Company Changes, Available at: https://www.middlemarketcenter.org/expert-perspectives/5-steps-to-using-external-communications-to-tell-your-clients-and-customers-about-company-changes Lernell, C., 2016. How to Communicate Product Changes To Your Users, Available at: https://community.uservoice.com/blog/how-to-communicate-product-changes-to-your-users/ McGraw, C., 2013. Using a Communication Strategy to Improve Stakeholder Relationships, Available at: https://www.pmiwdc.org/sites/default/files/presentations/201609/PMIW_Symposium2016_Presentation_McGraw.pdf Murphy, E., 2013. Managing change and Internal Communications - Internal Comms Forum, Dubai, Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/thechangesource/managing-change-and-internal-communications-internal-comms-forum-dubai Rice, S., 2017. 5 strategies for effective stakeholder management, Available at: https://worldcomgroup.com/5-strategies-for-effective-stakeholder-management Rick, T., 2013. internal change management communication, Available at: https://www.torbenrick.eu/blog/change-management/internal-communication-an-important-part-of-any-change-management-process/ Team, U., 2016. How To Build And Maintain Stakeholder Relationships Management, Available at: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/management/how-to-build-and-maintain-stakeholder-relationships-management-essay.php Yaverbaum, E., 2017. United Airlines Has A Bigger Problem Than You Think, Available at: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/united-airlines-has-a-bigger-problem-than-you-think_us_58fa4374e4b0f02c3870e97f

New Customer Essays - Economy, Business, Accounting Software

New Customer BSA 310 New Customer New Customer. New Vendor. New Payment. New Deposit. New Expense Report. Income Statement Report. Small business accounting software offers many benefits . The software performs all functions , and calcula tions are done automatically as well the process goes much faster. For instance, the merchant is entered into the system once and then from that point on you use that data to process future payments to that vendor without re-typing the information. Other than the rate of transforming bookkeeping information, an alternate focal point of little business bookkeeping programming is the way it arranges money related data. The information is spared and sorted out in a certain manner, which is not difficult to discover. For instance in the event that you need to know whether a certain bill was paid, gaze it toward the framework and it will let you know when the bill was paid, the check number and another insights about the merchant -all sorted out in one spot. On the off chance that you lose a receipt or a bill, data about it may even now be found in the system. You can convey copy receipts effortlessly. As opposed to flipping through papers, you can search for data that is put away in a precise manner. An alternate preference of utilizing bookkeeping programming for little business is the ease of projects. Fundamentally, bookkeeping programming could be extremely reasonable and an incredible worth. Costs for preparing ought to additionally be considered, however they are normally moderate for the little entrepreneur. On the off chance that you are reluctant to get new programming in light of the fact that your machine is old and temperamental, consider utilizing online variants of the product, where you go online to utilize and recovery your information, not utilizing your hard drive. Intuit is putting forth this administration for Quickbooks, called "Quickbooks Online." Do not overlook the amount you will spare in assessment planning consistently, once your data is all composed, prepared to-go and not in manual sections or in shoe boxes.

Full Analysis of ACT Grammar Rules Which Are Most Important

Full Analysis of ACT Grammar Rules Which Are Most Important SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips When you are planning your study approach for ACT English, it’s important to know where your time is best spent. Which grammar rules are really the most important to learn? What can help you make the greatest improvement to your score? What kind of questions are on ACT English? ACT English is a passage based test. There are 5 multi-paragraph passages and 75 questions to go with them. The makers of the ACT break the test down into two main sections: Usage and Mechanics questions and Rhetorical Skills. Usage and Mechanics covers questions about punctuation (including internal and end of sentence punctuation and avoiding ambiguity), grammar and usage (including subject-verb agreement, pronoun-antecedent agreement, verb formation, pronoun case, comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs, and idiomatic use), and sentence structure (including modifier placement and relationships between clauses). In the past, these questions have made up about 53% of the questions on the test. The second main category is Rhetorical Skills. These questions will ask about strategy (including understanding when to add or delete information and how to best revise writing for a certain audience), organization (including choosing effective openings, transitions, and conclusions), and style (including choosing correct words, tone, style, and avoiding wordiness). Also grouped with Rhetorical Skills are questions that ask about the author’s goal. These questions test your ability to recognize main ideas and understand what the passage is about, and understanding the scope of the passage. These questions usually compose about 47% of the questions on the test. Since the most recent updates to theACT, the test makers are not sticking as strictly to these percentages, butthey are still good guidelines. What concepts are tested? And why should you care? Almost as predictable as the question types are the grammar and style rules that ACT English will test you on. ACT English heavily favors a few main grammar and style rules, and lightly touches on a multitude of others. Why should this matter to you? This means that especially if you are aiming for a mid-range score, you should focus your studying on the main grammar and style rules that are covered. But if you are aiming for a high score, you should make sure you know all the concepts listed here. Since ACT English has so many questions, even concepts that appear a low percentage of the time will almost definitely be featuredand could affect your score. How did I find this out? I analyzed over 500 ACT English questions from seven official ACT tests that have been given in the past and wrote down the grammar and style concepts tested in each. Usually, it was easy to find the answer to a question just by knowing one style or grammar rule. But a couple of questions required knowledge of more than one rule. For these questions, I counted them for both concepts. And the winners are†¦ Usage and Mechanics For usage and mechanics questions, the overwhelming winner of the frequency test is correctly forming and joining sentences at 20.5% of the grammar questions. This covers all the concepts involved in understanding what a correct sentence is, including bothfragments and run-ons. This topic also covers correct use of semicolons in joining sentences. Not far behind in second place are questions dealing with correct uses of commas, dashes, and colons. These questions make up 17.7% of the grammar questions. Following in third and fourth places are correctly used non-essential clauses and relative pronouns with 10.2% of the questions, and correct verb tense and form, with 9.6% of the grammar questions. This topic involves, among other things, knowing what tense is necessary, and forming the tenses correctly. So, if you master these four concepts, you will have all the information you need to answer almost 60% of the grammar questions on ACT English. Here is the full breakdown This is my analysis of the most commonly-tested grammar concepts on ACT English, along with brief explanations of what each grammar rule means. #1: Correct Sentence Formation: 20.5% Recognizing fragments Recognizing run-ons, including comma splices Joining sentences correctly Incorrectly used semicolons #2: Use of commas, dashes, and colons: 17.7% No comma between subject and verb No comma before or after preposition When to use commas to separate adjectives No comma between adjective and noun Commas used after introductory words No commas between compound subjects or compound objects No commas around emphatic pronouns Colons used for a list or explanation Dashes used with non-essential clauses, as intro for a list, and with a deliberate pause #3: Correctly formed non-essential clauses andrelative pronouns: 10.2% Non-essential clause must be surrounded by commas Correct use of which vs. that; who vs. which; who vs. whom #4: Verb tense and form: 9.6% Correct and consistent tense usage When to use past tense instead of past participle Past participle needs a helping verb Incorrectly formed past participle Will vs. would When to use gerund and when to use infinitive #5: Misplaced and dangling modifiers and word placement: 9.2% Descriptive phrases must be next to the word they describe. Would a word make more sense elsewhere in the sentence? #6: Apostrophe use: 7.5% Correct formation of plural nouns Correct formation of possessive form of nouns Common contractions and their meanings (such as â€Å"it’s†) #6: Pronoun Use: 7.5% Consistent use of pronouns Pronoun-antecedent agreement (including singular or plural pronouns) Pronoun case Present and clear antecedents #8. Idioms: 5.1% Idiomatic use of prepositions #9: Parallel Structure and Word Pairs: 4.1% Use of matching prepositions Items in a list match Such as neither†¦nor, either†¦or, not only†¦but also, from†¦to, as†¦as #10: Subject-Verb Agreement: 3.8% Singular subjects need singular verbs; plural subjects need plural verbs Subject – non-essential clause – verb construction Subject – prepositional phrase – verb construction Verb before subject #: Adjectives vs. Adverbs: 2.4% Adjectives are used to describe nouns Adverbs are used to describe adjectives, adverbs, and verbs Correct use of the comparative and superlative forms #: Comparison words: 2.4% Correct use of comparison words such as more/less than, less vs. fewer, much vs. many, and that of/those of Rhetorical Strategy These questions are based on making the passages more smooth and logical to read. As in the grammar section, the ACT heavily favors some rules over others. The big winners for Rhetorical Strategy are†¦ Logical transitions. Unsurprisingly, in a section all about making passages more logical, transitions reign supreme. Over 18% of the questions will test your ability to create logical bridges within and between sentences and paragraphs. In second place is adding information with 16.7%. These questions test your ability to see if new information is relevant to the paragraph in question, and also ask students to explain how the paragraphs are changed by the addition of new information. And tied in third with 15.5% each are conciseness and replacing and re-wording information. Similar to the concepts above, replacing information questions ask student to tell if information is relevant to the paragraph in question, and if not, to replace it with different information. Conciseness questions test students’ abilities to see when the author has been unnecessarily wordy. Repetitive words, circular talking, and the passive voice are all put to the test in these questions! Let’s break it down completely #1. Logical Transitions: 18.4% Includes transitions within sentences, between sentences, and between paragraphs Transition words make logical sense for context #2. Adding Information: 16.7% Determining if new information is relevant to paragraph Understanding why new information is relevant #3. Re-wording or Replacing Information: 15.5% Replacing a word or phrase to add a certain emphasis to the passage Replacing irrelevant information with relevant information #3. Conciseness: 15.5% No using repetitive words to describe something General wordiness No passive voice when active voice is also correct and shorter #5. Deleting Information: .7% Is information irrelevant? If so, delete it. What information would be lost if sentence were deleted? #6. Diction: 8.4% Commonly confused words, such as then/than, have/of #7. Sentence Order/Placement and Paragraph Organization: 6.7% Does the placement of a sentence make sense in context? Does one sentence/paragraph logically follow from the last? Does a new paragraph start with a shift in topic? #8. Writer’s Goal: 5.4% Recognizing main ideas in the passage Recognizing specific and general passages #9. Formality: 1.5% Is the phrasing of an answer too casual or formal to match the rest of the sentence? So What Would a Perfect Test Look Like? If you took the ACT English and it broke down exactly according to these statistics, here is what you would expect to see: 8 questions on Forming Correct Sentences 7 questions on Commas, Dashes, and Colons 7 questions on Logical Transitions 6 questions on Adding Information 5 questions on Replacing or Re-wording Information 5 questions on Conciseness 4 questions on Verb Tense and Form 4 questions on Deleting Information 4 questions on Non-essential Clauses and Relative Pronouns 4 questions on Dangling and Misplaced Modifiers and Word Placement 3 questions on Diction 3 questions on Apostrophe Use 3 questions on Pronouns 2 questions on Idioms 2 questions on Parallel Structure and Word Pairs 2 questions on Sentence Order/Paragraph Organization 2 questions on Author Goal/Intent 1 question on Subject-Verb Agreement 1 question on Adjectives vs. Adverbs 1 question on Comparison Words 1 question on Formality †¦.for a total of 75 questions. Of course, it’s unlikely that any test will exactly follow these statistics, so don’t be surprised if you see a few extra (or fewer) questions of a certain type! How Should You Use This Information? Now that you know exactly what you can expect to find on ACT English, use this information to guide your studying. Here’s a study plan that will help you make the most of your study time to give you the best chance of improving your score. Take a diagnostic test. To do this, you should take a real ACT English test, because it’s best to work with realistic questions. You can find official ACT tests online, or you can get them from The Real ACT Prep Guide. After taking the test, score it to see how you've done. For every question that you either got incorrect or had to guess on, make a note of why you got it wrong, and what grammar concept it is testing. Compare your list of grammar mistakes with the â€Å"Perfect Test† list above. Which of your mistakes appears highest on the list? Focus your studying on the concept that is highest on the list. You’re likely to see that kind of question the most, and so mastering that grammar concept will give you the chance to improve your score by a few points. When you feel confident that you have mastered the highest concept on the list, move on to the next one. Keep working your way down the list. As you’re taking these steps, you should also consider what your target ACT score is. For example, if you're just looking to boost a mid-range score (around a 20) a bit higher (a 24), you’ll want to focus on the first 10 – 12 grammar concepts. If you can get these concepts down, you’ll have a great chance of hitting your target score, and you won’t need to worry about many of the less-frequently-tested concepts. On the other hand, if you're aiming for a high or perfect score, you should pay attention to every grammar and rhetorical point on the list. Missing even a few points could hurt your chances of getting the score you want. What’s Next? Now you know exactly what is on ACT English. Use the above links to master each topic. Know the concepts, but unsure of how to attack the questions? Read the best way to approach ACT English passages. Before you get studying, read our top 5 secrets to mastering the ACT English. Not sure if ACT English is for you? Read our comparison of ACT English and SAT Writing to see which is the best fit! Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this English lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Daffodil by Ted Hughes and I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud in contrast Essay

Daffodil by Ted Hughes and I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud in contrast - Essay Example Poetry connects beyond any particular framework of time period. Certain critics comment upon this connects as influence and others quote it as inspiring. William Wordsworth, the great pantheist and romantic poet wrote the poem, ‘I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud’ in the year 1804. The poem popularly came to be known as ‘The Daffodils’. In the year 1986, the very modern poet Ted Hughes inspired by the poem of Wordsworth had drawn allusion from the poem of Wordsworth and included the poem bearing the title, ‘Daffodils’ in his collection of poems entitled, ‘Flowers and Insects’. In the sleek edition by Ted Hughes when other poems could not become quite popular, very intriguingly the poem which eluded its title from the Romantic era of English literature drew considerable attention. Both the poems, written age apart, very interestingly pondered upon the impact of memories captivated by both the romantic and the modern poet, which essentially builds the matrix upon which the similarities between the poems can be evaluated and the difference in the perspective upon the same subject could be analysed. Thesis Statement The essay intends to discuss critically the essential similarities and differences inherent within the poem which evolves out on the context of the same subject. Contrast: I wandered Lonely as a Cloud and Daffodils At the outset, a thorough introspection through the poem by Wordsworth, ‘I wandered Lonely as a Cloud’ enables the readers to come to terms with the exclusive order well organised within the poetic scheme by Wordsworth. The narrator of Wordsworth’s poem is reminiscing upon the private moment encountered by him and evocation of his feelings on seeing the beautiful sight of daffodils on a field. The influence of the memory is so powerful for the narrator of Wordsworth’s poem that it is capable of making the ‘pensive’ mood of the narrator elevated. Taking the q ueue of a sombre simile, the poem begins ‘I wander’d lonely as a cloud’. The metaphor of the poem is so strong that the field of dancing daffodils is assumed as the dancers on a dancing floor. The poet plays with the words to the extent within the poem that it seems the rhyming and the choice of words together are so much intended to make the lines of the poem dance together with the daffodils thereby evoking a strong imagery before the eyes of the readers (Woof, 2011). The main intention of the poem by Wordsworth is to make the readers feel the joy the narrator received on seeing the field of dancing daffodils. The surprise of the narrator is also being communicated by him when he comments upon his surprise at the ‘wealth the show to me had brought’. The poem closes with the trip of the narrator down his memory lane and aptly with a rejuvenating metaphor, ‘and then my hear with pleasure fills, and dances with the daffodils’ (The Wordswo rth Trust, 2012). The poem by Wordsworth focuses on the beauty and bounty the nature captivates and its ability to balm the bruises of a tired heart and elevate the pensive mood of a man. The poem by Ted Hughes is a seminal work. It is inspired by the poem of Wordsworth which captivates the daffodil flowers central to both the text. Hughes’ ‘Daffodil’ also narrates the memory of the narrator and his encounters with the flower daffodil. However, very contrastingly the berating of the narrator’s dead wife amid the reminiscence of daffodils builds a morbid tone of the poem quite contrasting to the poem of Wordsworth. The allusion of the title thus appears evidently ironic and a reader coming across the poem by Hughes for the first time will be misled because they won’t find the familiarity of context and intonation with the

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 36

English - Essay Example This mortality rate inspires her to write mostly on death. Today’s writers are inspired by her ability to write on this responsive painful subject in a creative invented way. The ‘sweat-shop’ in the torment building is a meeting point for the Jewish population. The Jews try to socialize since they are common immigrants. However, there exist social and economic differences that divide the Jewish community. The writer tries to explain the ways to live in America in relation to work and romance. It brings out the concept of faith by clearly mentioning conviction as the best way to prosper in America. "They read the Tuesday Psalm in the synagogue this morning, but I should have read the Monday one." Cahan urges that assimilation is as a result of industrialization. Many Jews worked for the industries and from the work place many families’ dynamics were learnt. Immigrants are forced to learn English in America so as to fit in the society. Themes of creation of wealth, hope, gender and Christianity are mainly focused. The urge for being rich for the poor is shown by Deborah who steals money. Hugh is jailed after being caught with the money as indicated by this quote: â€Å"Hugh Wolfe, operative in Kirby & Johns Loudon Mills. Charge, grand larceny. Sentence, nineteen years hard labor in penitentiary.† This shows how the poor take futile attempts so as to acquire wealth. Development in gender balance is depicted majorly by Karl statute who is a hero in the story. Hugh’s femininity with strength in the struggle to make a living gives hope to future equality in gender. Hope is considered worthless in the story if the social status remains as it is. The writer insists that for hope to be instilled back, reforms must be of Christian norms. Christianity is depicted as the major theme in the story as seen in the last line of the story; God has set the promise of the Dawn. The argument is that Christianity serves as the only hope in the

Future Food Trends Health Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Future Food Trends Health - Research Paper Example Introduction The purpose of this research of French Recipes and British Recipes in the USA is to identify food coming from the culture of France and UK, in order to see how their food have become acceptable to Americans. A little of each of the country’s background relevant to the recipes had to be included to give an idea of how such recipe became popular in the past and how such recipe reached the present or were changed to meet the demands of the present American society. In place of describing the colour and appearance in words, pictures of the selected recipes are shown. A.French Dishes La Salade Lyonnaise (French Appetizer) It will take about 20 minutes to prepare this salad recipe. Given the mixture of vegetables below, these are mixed with a little water, mustard, and vinegar along with Rapeseed Oil to serve as emulsifier. Notice that the specified gree vegetables are not specified. In order to utilize fresh American vegetables depending on whatever is available, this French salad is prepared in the procedures described bel;ow. a. Mixed Greens b. Lardons c. Croutons d. Poached Egg L’Assiete de Hors D’oeuvres 8 Lentil e. Celery Root f. Carrot Salads Water and white wine vinegar are boiled first. While the water and vinegar are simmering, eggs are cracked, poured onto the liquid, and stirred for 3 minutes. The eggs are then removed from the simmering liquid and cooled with fresh water. In a separate saucepan, water and bacon are boiled with high heat and boil for only 10 seconds. Bacon is drained. Thereafter, the bacon is transferred to a large frying pan and cooked some more for 1 minute under high heat, followed by a medium heat cooking time of 5 minutes while it is stirred. Before serving with the vegetables and dressing, the eggs are heated for 3 minutes with 90 degrees hot water. The salt and better amount will depend on the taste test. A recommended dressing would be made up of a combination of 20 grams of mustard, 15 grams of w hite wine vinegar, 5 grams of water, 45 grams of Rapeseed Oil, Sea Salt, Black Pepper, 10 grams of chopped Shalot, 20 grams or ? of diced garlic clove. (Blanc, R. n.d.) Figure 1 - Picture of Salad Lyonnais [Source: Google Search] Matsumoto, M. (2012) described the taste to be â€Å"like a fireworks display for your taste bud† while the eggs and bacon fat protect the tongue with too much taste and these ingredients add texture. The salad itself can be placed on a sandwich. Thus for Americans who love to eat sandwiches, this will make it very tasty. Mark Matsumoto was featured in USA Today, HY Times, and Wall Street Journal for his culinary expertise. To the French people, the Salad Lyonnaise is essentially fresh bitter vegetables with properly cooked bacon and eggs. At La Sardine in the USA, the price is $ 8.oo. L’Assiette de Charcuterie The term came the L’Assiette which means a plate, and the French word Charcuterie which refers to a 1930 shop of a pork butcher (Boogert, K.2012, p.149) reminds people in France about a moderate-priced but delicious food. The recipe itself may vary. Meat is usually from pork. But it can be from other meat sources like ducks. At La Sardine, it is made up of Duck Rillette, Peppered Salami, Beet Salad, and Cornichons. a. Country Pate b. Duck Rillette c. Peppered Salami d. Beet Salad e. Cornichons The preparation is very common

The Proper Definition Of A Social Network Site

The Proper Definition Of A Social Network Site The purpose of this paper is to educate you with the proper definition of a social network site, a brief overview of its history and how they have evolved to being used in almost every facet of life today. Social Network: Definition Social network site is a web-based service that allows individuals to (1) construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, (2) articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and (3) view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system (Boyd, Ellison, 2007). While the term social network site is used to describe this concept, the term social networking sites is also commonly used, and both can be used back and forth. I refrained from using the term networking for two reasons: emphasis and scope. Networking signifies intent of a new relationship, more often than not between strangers. Although people do network on these sites, it is not the main attraction, nor is it what makes them stand out from other forms of computer-mediated communication. The term community refers to networks that are ethnically homogenous. The uniqueness of social network sites does not come in the fact that they allow individuals to meet new people, but rather that they allow users to identify and publicize their social networks. This usually results in connections between individuals that would not otherwise be made, but that is often not the goal, and these meetings are frequently between latent ties (Haythornthwaite, 2005) who share some offline connection. On most of the popular social networking sites, members do not actually network or look to meet new people; instead, they are primarily communicating with people who are already a part of their extended social network. To emphasize this articulated social network as a critical organizing feature of these sites, we label them social network sites. As mentioned earlier, while social network sites may have a number of unique features to them, their background still consists of peoples profiles that display a list of their friends who are also members of the site. Profiles are a one page summary of an individual. When an individual newly joins a social network site, they are typically asked to answer basic questions that help to create ones profile. They typically ask for your name, age, sex, interests and location. There is also a section that allows one to upload a photograph and some networks even allow users to upload music and themes to enhance the look of their profile page. Once a user has joined a social network, the next step is typically to identify other friends on the system or network and request access to their profiles and/or networks via a friend request. The term Friends can be misleading, because the connection does not necessarily mean friendship in the everyday vernacular sense, and the reasons people connect are varied (Boyd, 2006). At this stage, users can scroll through their friend list and view each friends profile and their friend list. Some networks may permit access to profile pages in the same network even though a unique connection has not been established while others may not. Some even allow users to restrict access to their page. For example, if you are not directly connected to another user, you cannot view or have limited view to their profile page. Another feature of most social network sites is messaging. There is usually a mechanism in place for friends to communicate with one another on the network. For example, if you like a friends profile photograph, there should be a way to tell them there and then. The most common lingua for such is comment. Friends comment on each others pages and pictures and some even have email-like services on the networks but not all started out like this. History of Social Networks According to the criteria used to define social network sites, SixDegrees.com was the very first social networking site. It allowed its users to create profiles, add their friends on the site and, beginning in 1998, view their friends profiles. Profiles existed on most major dating sites and many community sites. Some sites allowed users to list friends although no one else could view them. Others allowed members to join networks such as high schools or colleges and see others in their networks but they could not create profiles for years. SixDegrees was the first social networking site that allowed it users to do all these. Figure Although SixDegrees garnered much public acclaim, its attempt to be a sustainable business failed and as such, the service shut down in 2000. With hindsight, the developers believed that the site offered more than was required. Meanwhile at this time most people who began using the internet more often had no networks of friends who were constantly online. It brought about complaints of boredom online. There was basically nothing to do after adding friends because people were not interested in networking with strangers. If you take a look at Figure 1, you can see a table that lists almost all the communities and social networks that have been established over a ten year period from 1997 to 2006. Some of these networks and communities did not actually have all the features that qualify them as a social networking site. Some names appear more than once as the years went by, the latter occurrence signifies their re-launch as a full social networking site. From 1997 to 2001, AsianAvenue, BlackPlanet, and MiGente began supporting various combinations of profiles and publicly listed friends. They allowed their users to create personal, professional, and dating profile and they could identify friends on their personal profiles without seeking approval for those connections. In 1999 when LiveJournal came around, it facilitated single connections on user pages. On LiveJournal, users mark others as their friends in order to read their journals. Cyworld, the Korean virtual world site kicked off in 1999 and by 2001 it re-launched as a full social networking site with features such as friend lists, guestbooks and diary pages as did the Swedish web community LunarStorm. After 2003, the social networking sites hit it big time. Several began to pop up for different reasons. While the basic profile based structured remained their purpose diversified some were for friends meeting old and new ones while others sought to cater to a more professional and business minded demography. Care2 connected activists to one another, Couchsurfing networked travelers and people with couches and MyChurch brought together churches and their members. Gradually as user-generated content began to grow, attention shifted to sites like Flickr (picture sharing), Last.FM(music listening) and YouTube(video uploads). Now most of these upcoming social networking sites were being launched from Silicon Valley where a lot of angel investors were pumping money into them and as such any site that developed outside of that area barely got attention. This is why some sites developed in the U.S had better reception outside the country. Examples will be Orkut(Brazils number one) and MSN Spaces. The advent of MySpace was aided by the ailing Friendster. Rumors that Friendster would begin to charge its users only succeeded in putting the sword to the heart on the already ailing site. MySpace garnered most of its initial popularity from rock bands out in Los Angeles who were trying to get their names out. They used it to advertise their shows and club owners used it to advertise bands and ticket sales. The demographic for MySpace gradually shifted toward young teenagers and adults who liked music and wished to connect with their favorite artists. Another thing that the site had going for it was that it allowed users to customize their pages and add their favorite songs to their pages. This and the fact that some adults began using it to meet minors to solicit sexual interaction were part of the reasons that MySpace began to fall just shortly after it got purchased for about $540 million. Apart from these network sites, there were others whose primary focus was a particular group of people such as when Facebook began in 2004. Facebook began in early 2004 as a Harvard-only SNS (Cassidy, 2006). To be a member, you had to be a registered student of Harvard University and use your school email address to register. With time, the network expanded but the restrictions still applied. It went to other schools but still required that a school email be used to register. This gave most people the perception that it was more of a community than a social networking site. Benefits of Social Network Sites Today social network sites are being used in very different ways that benefit a whole lot of people. Everyone seems to find a way to use them to their benefit. Consumers and manufacturers use social network sites to give and get feedback on their products. By analyzing feedback given by consumers on social network sites, blogs and other means, manufacturers have the ability to improve their sales, know when to up-sell and down-sell, they also know how to minimize cost of acquiring new consumers and many other methods. In some countries, the leaders use social network sites as a means of getting closer to the people. Some representatives use it to get feedback from their people and listen to their problems. Leaders can explain to their people what exactly the implications of certain policies and they can also get input or public opinion on certain issues that may require voting in the house. It is an essential tool in modern day leadership and political campaign. The results of the last presidential elections held in the United States were predicted by analyzing feedback about the respective candidates on sites like Facebook and Twitter. It also helped the candidates in addressing campaign issues that concerned the people. Senator Obama even had a MiGente profile that he used to reach out to the Latin-American population during the course of his campaign. Educators are finding new ways to engage their students in the learning process as well as improve teaching methods through social networking sites. Students across the world interact with one another via Skype, Twitter and Facebook during classes as a method of learning about other parts of the world and how they learn over there. In January 2009, Silvia Tolisano, a teacher in Jacksonville, Florida developed a project that involved over 300 participants in schools across the globe. The goal was to prove how helpful social networking sites can be in student education. According to her, It creates a global awareness that there is a wider world out there and that we are not alone. They find its just as easy to collaborate with a class in England as with the class next door. Social network sites not only benefit the student, the educators as well benefit from sites like Twitter and Ning. While students havent become enamored with Twitter yet, it has become a hot spot for educators to find professional development and resources (Michelle R. Davis, 2010). One of the most popular types of educator events on Twitter are EdChats-one-hour conversations that take place every Tuesday around a particular topic. The chats are the brainchild of several educators, including Thomas Whitby, a co-creator of a 3,700-member Ning site called The Educators PLN, for professional learning network.

Comparing Women in The Bell Jar and Enormous Changes at the Last Minute

Exploitation of Women Exposed in The Bell Jar and Enormous Changes at the Last Minute      Ã‚  Ã‚   In their manifesto, the Redstockings argued that the relationship between men and women was a class relationship, and that the men repressed and controlled the women. The women were objects, and the men owned them. They said that, as a class, women "are exploited as sex objects, breeders, domestic servants, and cheap labor" by the male class(Bloom, Takin' it to the Streets, 486). Many of the women characters in The Bell Jar and Enormous Changes at the Last Minute give us examples of this repression and exploitation.    In both The Bell Jar and Enormous Changes at the Last Minute, we often see women as being subordinate to men. For example, in "Debts", one of Grace Paley's characters is happy because she has found "a husband to serve"(Paley, Enormous Changes at the Last Minute, 11). Her life has no meaning apart from her role as wife. She is defined by her husband. The idea that women are defined by their husband is so pervasive that we even find it in the language of the stories. In "The Burdened Man" there is a newspaper article describing the shooting of a wife and her lover by her husband. The husband and the lover are called by name, Sgt. Armand Kielly and Alfred Ciaro, respectively. The wife is only referred to as Mrs. Kielly. In The Bell Jar, when Buddy Willard proposes to Esther, he asks her "How would you like to be Mrs. Buddy Willard?"(Plath, The Bell Jar, 75). In both these instances, the language used defines the women in terms of their husband. This casual indication of dominance says a great deal about the culture.    The exploitation of women as sex objects is also easy to find. Both works contain extreme i... ...(Bloom, 486). As a class, men exploit them for personal use, both economically and sexually. They do everything they can to keep women in an inferior position. This repression is so pervasive that it is even found in the language of the women themselves. Correcting this problem is not a matter of changing individual relationships within the society. As the manifesto says, "the conflicts between individual men and women are political conflicts that can only be solved collectively"(486). In order for things to improve, there must be some change in society at a base level.    Works Cited Bloom, Alexander and Wini Breines, eds. Takin' it to the Streets. Oxford University Press, New York, 1995. Paley, Grace. Enormous Changes at the Last Minute. Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux, New York, 1974. Plath, Sylvia. The Bell Jar. Harper and Row, New York, 1971.   

Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector- Assessments Essay

Role, responsabilities and boundaries of teacher in the teaching/ training cycle. The key aspects of current legislative requirements and codes of practice relevant to your subject and the type of organisation within which you would like to work. Expalin how you could promote inclusion, equality and diversity with your current / future learners. Identify other points of referral available to meet the potential needs of learners. Explain the ways in which you would establish ground rules with your learners, and which underpin behaviour and respect for others. Explain ways to embed elements of functional skills in your specialist area. Explain the need for keeping records and describe the types of records you would maintain. State the different assessment methods available and explain the ones you would use for your subject area, including reference to initial assessment. State the types of assessment records you would complete and explain why. Produce a learning programme/scheme of work in your subject area, for a minimum of six sessions (the length of each session is to be agreed between yourself and your tutor). Produce session plan(s) (these can be from the scheme of work or different) for a minimum of 30 minutes. Deliver the micro-teaching practice session(s), demonstrating a selection of teaching and learning approaches to engage and motivate learners. You need to communicate appropriately and effectively with learners. You must not deliver the same planned session more than once (total 30 minutes of delivery). Explain and justify the reasons behind your choice of teaching and learning approaches and use of resources for one of your delivered sessions. Obtain feedback from your peers and tutor/observer, and complete a self evaluation to refelct and evaluate the effectiveness of your own teaching. Give feedback to your peers regarding their delivery. (Peer feedback is applicable to micr-teach sessions only). Complete a reflective learning journal after each assessment task completed and/ or session attended throughout the PTLLS programme. At the end of the programme, complete a summative profile and action plan.

The 4 Mitosis PhasesProphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

The 4 Mitosis PhasesProphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In order to heal an injury, your body needs to replace damaged cells with healthy new ones...and mitosis plays a crucial role in this process! Mitosis is a process of cell division that helps you stay alive and healthy. In other words, in the world of cell biology, mitosis is kind of a big deal! But like with anything science-related, mitosis can be sort of confusing when you first try to understand it. The key idea is that the process of mitosis involves four phases, or steps, that you need to understand if you want to understand how mitosis works. In this article, we’re going to do the following things to break down the four steps of mitosis for you and help you get acquainted with the mitosis phases: Briefly define mitosis and eukaryotic cells Break down the four phases of mitosis, in order Provide mitosis diagrams for the stages of mitosis Give you five resources for learning more about the phases of mitosis Now, let’s dive in! Feature image: Jpablo cadand Juliana Osorio/Wikimedia Commons (Marek Kultys/Wikimedia Commons) What Is Mitosis? Mitosis is a process that occurs during the cell cycle. The role of mitosis in the cell cycle is to replicate the genetic material in an existing cell- known as the â€Å"parent cell†- and distribute that genetic material to two new cells, known as â€Å"daughter cells.† In order to pass its genetic material to the two new daughter cells, a parent cell must undergo cell division, or mitosis. Mitosis results in two new nuclei- which contain DNA- that eventually become two identical cells during cytokinesis. Mitosis occurs in eukaryotic (animal) cells. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that contains the cell’s genetic material. A crucial part of mitosis involves breaking down the nuclear membrane that surrounds the cell’s DNA so that the DNA can be replicated and separated into new cells. Other types of cells, like prokaryotes, don’t have a nuclear membrane surrounding their cellular DNA, which is why mitosis only occurs in eukaryotic cells. The main purpose of mitosis is to accomplish cell regeneration, cell replacement, and growth in living organisms. Mitosis is important because it ensures that all new cells that are generated in a given organism will have the same number of chromosomes and genetic information. In order to accomplish this goal, mitosis occurs in four discrete, consistently consecutive phases: 1) prophase, 2) metaphase, 3) anaphase, and 4) telophase. Our in-depth post on mitosis is coming soon, so you can think of this as an intro to what mitosis is and how it works! What we want to focus on in more detail here are the 4 stages of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and what happens during those phases! So let’s get down to it. The 4 Phases of Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase So what are the stages of mitosis? The four stages of mitosis are known as prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. Additionally, we’ll mention three other intermediary stages (interphase, prometaphase, and cytokinesis) that play a role in mitosis. During the four phases of mitosis, nuclear division occurs in order for one cell to split into two. Sounds simple enough, right? But different things occur in each step of mitosis, and each step is crucial to cell division occurring properly. That means successful cell division depends on the precision and regulation of each phase of mitosis. That’s why it’s important to be able to understand and articulate the role of each phase in mitosis overall. Also: you may have seen or heard the parts of mitosis called different things: mitosis phases, the stages of mitosis, the steps of mitosis, or maybe even something else. All of those different phrases refer to the exact same process. As long as you remember that the phases/stages/steps of mitosis always happen in the same order, it doesn’t really matter which of those phrases you use! Next, we’re going to breakdown the four phases of mitosis in order so you can understand how mitosis occurs through each phase. (Ph. Immel/Wikimedia Commons) Interphase: What Happens Before Mitosis We can think of interphase as a transitional phase. Interphase is when the parent cell prepares itself for mitosis. This phase isn’t considered part of mitosis, but understanding what happens during interphase can help the steps of mitosis make a little more sense. You can think of interphase kind of like the opening act. They aren’t the band you came to see, but they get the audience warmed up for the main event. Interphase occurs prior to the beginning of mitosis and encompasses what’s called stage G1, or first gap, stage S, or synthesis, and stage G2, or second gap. Stages G1, S, and G2 must always occur in this order. The cell cycle begins with stage G1, which is a part of interphase. So how does the parent cell prep itself for mitosis during interphase? During interphase, the cell is busy growing. It’s producing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles during the G1 phase, duplicating its chromosomes during the S phase, then continuing to grow in preparation for mitosis in the G2 phase. In the cell cycle, interphase doesn’t just occur before mitosis- it also alternates with mitosis. It’s important to remember that this is a recurring cycle. When mitosis ends, interphase starts up again! In fact, in the grand scheme of the cell cycle, mitosis is a much shorter phase than interphase. (Kelvinsong/Wikimedia Commons) Phase 1: Prophase Prophase is the first step of mitosis. This is when the genetic fibers within the cell’s nucleus, known as chromatin, begin to condense and become tightly compacted together. During interphase, the parent cell’s chromosomes are replicated, but they aren’t yet visible. They’re just floating around in the form of loosely collected chromatin. During prophase, that loose chromatin condenses and forms into visible, individual chromosomes. Since each of the parent cell’s chromosomes were replicated during interphase, there are two copies of each chromosome in the cell during prophase. Once the chromatin has condensed into individual chromosomes, the genetically-identical chromosomes come together to form an â€Å"X† shape, called sister chromatids. These sister chromatids carry identical DNA and are joined at the center (in the middle of the â€Å"X† shape) at a point called the centromere. The centromeres will serve as anchors that’ll be used to pull the sister chromatids apart during a later phase of mitosis. And that’s what’s happening inside the nucleus during prophase! After the sister chromatids form, two structures called centrosomes move away from each other outside of the nucleus. As they move to opposite sides of the cell, the centrosomes form something called the mitotic spindle. The mitotic spindle will eventually be responsible for separating the identical sister chromatids into two new cells and is made up of long protein strands, called microtubules. Late Prophase: Prometaphase Prometaphase is often referred to as â€Å"late prophase.† (Though it’s also sometimes called â€Å"early metaphase† or referred to as a distinct phase entirely!) Regardless, some really important things occur during prometaphase that propel cell division along and that help explain what happens in metaphase. Prometaphase is the phase of mitosis following prophase and preceding metaphase. The short version of what happens during prometaphase is that the nuclear membrane breaks down. Here’s the long version of what happens during prometaphase: first, the nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope (i.e. the lipid bilayer surrounding the nucleus and encasing the genetic material in the nucleus) breaks apart into a bunch of membrane vesicles. Once the nuclear envelope breaks apart, the sister chromatids that were stuck inside the nucleus break free. Now that the nucleus’s protective covering is gone, kinetochore microtubules move near the sister chromatids and attach to them at the centromere (that spot at the center of the â€Å"X†). Now these kinetochore microtubules are anchored at opposite poles on either end of the cell, so they’re extending themselves toward the sister chromatids and connecting them to one of the edges of the cell. It’s kind of like catching a fish with a fishing pole- eventually, the chromatids are going to be separated and drawn to opposite ends of the cell. And that’s the end of prometaphase. After prometaphase ends, metaphase- the second official phase of mitosis- begins. (Kelvinsong/Wikimedia Commons) Phase 2: Metaphase Metaphase is the phase of mitosis that follows prophase and prometaphase and precedes anaphase. Metaphase begins once all the kinetochore microtubules get attached to the sister chromatids’ centromeres during prometaphase. So here’s how it happens: the force generated during prometaphase causes the microtubules to start pulling back and forth on the sister chromatids. Since the microtubules are anchored at opposite ends of the cell, their back-and-forth pulling on different sides of the sister chromatids gradually shifts the sister chromatids to the middle of the cell. This equal and opposite tension causes the sister chromatids to align along an imaginary- but very important!- line trailing down the middle of the cell. This imaginary line dividing the cell down the middle is called the metaphase plate or equatorial plane. Now, in order for metaphase to progress on to anaphase, the sister chromatids must be equitably distributed across that metaphase plate. That’s where the metaphase checkpoint comes in: the metaphase checkpoint ensures that the kinetochores are properly attached to the mitotic spindles and that the sister chromatids are evenly distributed and aligned across the metaphase plate. If they are, the cell gets the green light to move on to the next phase of mitosis. The checkpoint is very important because it helps the cell make sure that it mitosis will result in two new, identical cells with the same DNA! Only once the cell passes the metaphase checkpoint successfully can the cell proceed to the next stage of mitosis: anaphase. (Kelvinsong/Wikimedia Commons) Phase 3: Anaphase The third phase of mitosis, following metaphase and preceding telophase, is anaphase. Since the sister chromatids began attaching to centrosomes on opposite ends of the cell in metaphase, they’re prepped and ready to start separating and forming genetically-identical daughter chromosomes during anaphase. During anaphase, the centromeres at the center of the sister chromatids are severed. (It sounds worse than it is!) Remember how the sister chromatids are attached to the mitotic spindle? The spindle is made up of microtubules, which start shrinking during this phase of mitosis. They gradually pull the severed sister chromatids toward opposite poles of the cell. Anaphase ensures that each chromosome receives identical copies of the parent cell’s DNA. The sister chromatids split apart down the middle at their centromere and become individual, identical chromosomes. Once the sister chromatids split during anaphase, they’re called sister chromosomes. (They’re actually more like identical twins!) These chromosomes will function independently in new, separate cells once mitosis is complete, but they still share identical genetic information. Finally, during the second half of anaphase, the cell begins to elongate as polar microtubules push against each other. It goes from looking like one round cell to...well, more like an egg as the new chromosome sets pull further away from each other. At the end of anaphase, chromosomes reach their maximum condensation level. This helps the newly separated chromosomes stay separated and prepares the nucleus to re-form . . . which occurs in the final phase of mitosis: telophase. (Kelvinsong/Wikimedia Commons) Phase 4: Telophase Telophase is the last phase of mitosis. Telophase is when the newly separated daughter chromosomes get their own individual nuclear membranes and identical sets of chromosomes. Toward the end of anaphase, the microtubules began pushing against each other and causing the cell to elongate. Those polar microtubules keep elongating the cell during telophase! In the meantime, the separated daughter chromosomes that are being pulled to opposite ends of the cell finally arrive at the mitotic spindle. Once the daughter chromosomes have fully separated to opposite poles of the cell, the membrane vesicles of the parent cell’s old, broken down nuclear envelope form into a new nuclear envelope. This new nuclear envelope forms around the two sets of separated daughter chromosomes, creating two separate nuclei inside the same cell. You might think of the events of telophase as a reversal of the events that occur during prophase and prometaphase. Remember how prophase and prometaphase are all about the nucleus of the parent cell starting to break down and separate? Telophase is about the reformation of the nuclear envelope around new nuclei to separate them from each cell’s cytoplasm. Now that the two sets of daughter chromosomes are encased in a new nuclear envelope, they begin to spread out again. When this occurs, it is the end of telophase, and mitosis is complete. (LadyofHats/Wikimedia Commons) Cytokinesis: What Happens After Mitosis Like interphase, cytokinesis isn’t a part of mitosis, but it’s definitely an important part of the cell cycle that is essential to completing cell division. Sometimes, the occurrence of the events of cytokinesis overlaps with telophase and even anaphase, but cytokinesis is still considered a separate process from mitosis. Cytokinesis is the actual division of the cell membrane into two discrete cells. At the end of mitosis, there are two new nuclei contained within the existing parent cell, which has stretched out into an oblong shape. So at this point, there’s actually two complete nuclei hanging out in one cell! So how does one cell become two cells? Cytokinesis is responsible for completing the process of cell division by taking those new nuclei, separating the old cell in half, and ensuring that each of the new daughter cells contains one of the new nuclei. Here’s how the separation of the old cell is accomplished during cytokinesis: remember that imaginary line running down the middle of the cell and dividing the centrosomes, called the metaphase plate? During cytokinesis, a contractile ring made of protein filaments develops where that metaphase plate used to be. Once the contractile ring forms down the middle of the cell, it starts shrinking, which pulls the cell’s outer plasma membrane inward. You can think of it like a belt that just keeps tightening around the middle of the cell, squeezing it into two sections. Eventually, the contractile ring shrinks so much that the plasma membrane pinches off and the separated nuclei are able to form into their own cells. The end of cytokinesis signifies the end of the M-phase of the cell cycle, of which mitosis is also a part. At the end of cytokinesis, the division part of the cell cycle has officially ended. 5 (Free!) Resources for Further Study of the Steps of Mitosis Mitosis is a complex process, and the mitosis phases involve a lot of big words and unfamiliar concepts that you might want to learn more about. If you’re interested in diving more deeply into the 4 stages of mitosis, take a look at our five suggested resources for further study of the steps of mitosis, explained below! #1: Mitosis Animations Online Reading all about mitosis can definitely be helpful, but what if visuals really help you understand how things work? That’s where web animations of mitosis might come in handy for you. Watching mitosis in action through web animations can help give you an idea of what all those verbal descriptions really mean. They can also help you picture what the phases of mitosis might look like under a real microscope! There are probably a lot of web animations of mitosis that you could take a look at, but we recommend these three: John Kyrk’s Mitosis Animation The Biology Project’s â€Å"Online Onion Root Tips† Cells Alive’s â€Å"Animal Cell Mitosis† We particularly like Cells Alive’s â€Å"Animal Cell Mitosis† animation because it allows you to pause the animation as it loops through the phases of mitosis in order to take a fine-grained look at how mitosis works. Cells Alive’s version also juxtaposes its animation of the mitosis phases with footage of mitosis occurring under a microscope, so you’ll know what you’re looking for if you’re ever tasked with observing cell mitosis in the lab. iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/L0k-enzoeOM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen/iframe #2: â€Å"Mitosis: Splitting Up Is Hard To Do† by Crash Course If you’re a bit exhausted from reading dense material and need someone else to put the stages of mitosis into more accessible terms, head over to YouTube and watch Crash Course’s 10 minute video on mitosis, called â€Å"Mitosis: Splitting Up Is Hard to Do.† The nice thing about this video is that, while being a bit more thorough than some of the other YouTube videos you might find out there on mitosis, it’s also really funny. More importantly, it explains mitosis in terms of familiar, everyday biological processes, like when you get a cut and need your body to make new cells to heal. If you need help thinking about the real-world relevance of the mitosis phases beyond just being something you have to memorize for a lab or exam, this is a great resource. #3: â€Å"Phases of Mitosis† by Khan Academy Here’s another YouTube video, but the tone and style of this explanation of the steps of mitosis by Khan Academy is a little different. Watching this tutorial on the mitosis phases feels a bit like you’re sitting in biology class and your teacher/professor is drawing out diagrams of mitosis while talking you through the entire process (except in this case, your teacher is sort of cool and only uses neon colors to draw the diagrams). If you’re looking for a step-by-step tutorial that takes a slow pace and deals with the steps of mitosis thoroughly, Khan Academy has you covered! #4: Creating a Mitosis Flip Book For some learners, the process of creating something to show your knowledge can help with memorization of difficult concepts and/or developing a thorough understanding of how things work. That’s why we suggest trying out some old-school tactics to build your knowledge of the 4 stages of mitosis! A tried-and-true approach to learning the mitosis phases, vetted by biology teachers, is creating a mitosis flip book. Post-It provides a step-by-step guide on how you can create a mitosis flip book on your own, but it’s really pretty simple: you get something to draw with, grab small note cards or sticky notes to draw on, and draw what each phase of the cell cycle looks like on individual note cards/sticky notes! When you’ve finished drawing your version of the stages of mitosis on your cards, you either stick, tape, or staple them together, and voila! You can flip through your mitosis flip book from beginning to end and watch the progression of mitosis through the four phases. Activities like this one can help imprint on your memory what each step of mitosis looks like. Plus, when you finish your flip book, you’ve got a pocket-sized resource that you can carry with you as a part of your study guide or a quick resource for review before a quiz or exam! #5: â€Å"Mitosis Study Set† by ProProfs Flashcards Maybe you’re feeling pretty good about your knowledge of the stages of mitosis but you want some help in testing that knowledge before a formal quiz or exam. That’s where ProProfs Flashcards’ â€Å"Mitosis Study Set,† an online study guide that provides an array of flashcards to help you test your knowledge of the stages of mitosis, comes in. What’s fun about this flashcard set is that you can choose different assessment styles depending on where you are in your knowledge of mitosis. The flashcard set provides traditional question-and-answer flashcards, a flashcard function specifically geared toward memorization, a multiple choice quiz, and matching. If you want to practice being tested on the steps of mitosis before the actual test, check out this resource! ProProfs Flashcards provides several study sets on other topics related to or involving mitosis, so if you need to test your knowledge of mitosis beyond just the four phases, this resource could help out there as well. What's Next? If you want more traditional resources to help you learn about the cell cycle, our list of the best AP Biology study guides has you covered. You’ll probably need to know about more than just mitosis to ace your AP Biology exam. Here’s an expert guide to the test to get your studying started off on the right foot! Taking science classes in high school (and doing well in them!) is an important step on your journey to get into the university of your dreams. Check out this article about which science classes you need to take before applying for college to figure out which classes are right for you.

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